The Butterfly Effect Narrative Essay free essay sample

The Butterfly Effect Narrative structure is just â€Å"a sort of filmic association in which the parts identify with each other through a progression of calmly related occasions occurring in existence. † Narration typically happens in a reason impact relationship. There are numerous components of portrayal yet range and profundity are the most significant. The range alludes to the amount we know in the plot. Range interfaces characters and the crowd through shared information. One case of range in a story is ‘restricted knowledge’ where we can just find things with the characters, implying that we don’t know more than the characters know. Then again there is something many refer to as ‘unrestricted knowledge’ where we think pretty much everything that is going on, particularly things that the characters don’t know. In any case, we should all realize that portrayal is rarely totally unlimited, there is consistently a part of the film that will be a tension to the watcher. â€Å"A films portrayal controls the scope of information as well as controls the profundity of our insight. Here we are alluding to how profoundly the plot dives into a characters mental state. Similarly as there is a range among confined and unhindered portrayal, there is a continuum among objectivity and subjectivity. †1 Objective alludes to characters outward appearances, which causes us comprehend a characters enthusiastic state. Abstract portrayal shows us what’s going in a characters head. This could be appeared through a memory flashback or a fantasy arrangement. The Butterfly Effect, a film composed and coordinated by Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber, begins with a fascinating statement. The statement by Chaos Theory states â€Å"It has been said that something as little as the shudder of a butterfly’s wing can eventually cause a storm most of the way around the world† which basically implies when a butterfly folds its wings in a single piece of the world, it can make potential for a rainstorm in some other piece of the world. â€Å"The producers utilize this provocative thought as an illustration for the encounters of Evan Treborn as he rushes to and fro through time. † In A Butterfly Effect, Ashton Kutcher plays a school tudent, Evan Treborn, who has experienced a standard and vicious cerebrum issue that makes him have intermittent power outages since he was more youthful. As the film advances we discover that when Evan passes out he removes diverse upsetting occasions from when he was a kid. These occasions changed his life drastically as well as his companions Kayleigh, Lenny, and Tommy†™s lives also. During the time of Evans life he wrote in his diary consistently, and kept each diary that he has composed. One day in school Evan understands that he would now be able to peruse his diaries and out of nowhere be shipped back to that second. Evan understands that he would now be able to recover his memory and revise the past to serve his friendsâ€especially youth darling Kayleigh. In any case, at whatever point he ventures back in the past to right a wrong, Evan makes devastation in the present. † The portrayal of The Butterfly Effect is limited. We just know things that Evan knows, and we, the crowd, gets the opportunity to learn alongside Evan how to fix his issues that he brought about by simply changing a solitary thing in his life. As it were, all through the film we are in Evan’s head in light of the fact that as he passes out, we power outage too. Evan’s power outages make our own personalities and creative mind attempt to make sense of what occurred in the middle of the power outages. We just make sense of what occurs during Evan’s power outages as he recollects, so we are in tension all through the entire film. Each time Evan returns to change something, we at that point find how it has changed his life, yet his loved ones lives too. During one of Evan’s carafe backs he goes to the time where Kayleigh’s father is recording him and Kayleigh as children. Evan chooses to transform a certain something, by venturing up to Kayleigh’s father, which follows by as long as he can remember evolving. A brisk blaze of Evan’s new life at that point comes after. At that point the film hits another scene of Evan and Kayleigh in bed as undergrads. Evan awakens confounded and strange which is a case of target profundity. By Evan’s befuddled and anxious outward appearances we can determine what is happening in his mind, we can tell that he is confounded. Evan asks Kayleigh â€Å"Don’t go crazy when I ask you this at the same time, do you recollect when your father got that camcorder? † Kayleigh reacts with, â€Å"Yeah um, Why might that crack me out? By Evan venturing up to Kayleigh’s father, the camcorder at that point turns out to be only a prop in the film, when before it was a fundamental theme of the film. â€Å"Flashbacks offer an entrancing occurrence of the general intensity of target portrayal. They are normally inspired as mental subjectivity, since the occasions we see are activated by a character’s reviewing the past. However, when we are inside the flashback, occasions will normally be introduced from an entirely target viewpoint. They will for the most part be introduced in an unlimited manner, as well, and may even incorporate activity that the recalling character could have no chance to get of knowing. At the end of the day, Once you are in the flashback in the film, the account presently gets unlimited, we know all that is going on. The butterfly Effect is an ideal case of this on the grounds that nearly the entire film is shot as flashbacks. During the hours of Evan going in to the past, in his better than ever life we know a few things that he doesn't have the foggiest idea. For instance, when he returns time as a college kid, we as a whole know about his past flat mate and how they aren’t going to be companions any longer since he changed as long as he can remember around, however that is something that Evan doesn't have the foggiest idea. We additionally realize that since Evan is a renewed individual, his educator won't remember him as the old understudy he used to be. We definitely realize that everything will be diverse as Evan is simply learning. This film’s story helped me a lot to remember energy, the way that it shoots to and fro in time. â€Å"As a story, the account creates a persuading exercise in careful control between science, human feelings, inventiveness and stun. Especially in a similar classification as Memento, youll need to see it again just to explain everything that occurs. Generally significant however is the completion, not at all like some other smart motion pictures there is no cop-out, the story is devoted as far as possible and will leave you reeling. † The Butterfly Effect will keep you as eager and anxious as can be, on the grounds that it is a spine chiller as well as a result of the insane story that the executives decide to shoot the film. With its limited and abstract yet in addition unhindered and objective now and again account, The Butterfly Effect will keep you intrigued and attempting to illuminate the riddle of what will occur at long last before Evan does.

Citing Images in APA Referencing

Refering to Images in APA Referencing Refering to Images in APA Referencing Most sources you refer to in a school paper will be content based (e.g., books and diary articles). Once in a while, however, you may need to remember a picture or photo for your work. Be that as it may, how would you refer to pictures in scholastic composition? In this post, we take a gander at how this functions in APA referencing. Remembering Images for a Document In APA referencing, â€Å"images† incorporate photos, artistic creations, outlines, charts, tables, and diagrams. Also, any picture you remember for your work should accompany an inscription. You can utilize the inscription apparatus in Microsoft Word to do this, however you can likewise include subtitles physically whenever liked. The inscription that goes with a picture ought to do at any rate three things: Mark the picture so it tends to be recognized in the content (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2). Give a title to the picture or depict what it appears or speaks to. Offer any extra subtleties (e.g., when a photo was taken). A photograph with an APA picture inscription. In the event that the picture is your own work (e.g., a photograph you took yourself), at that point this is sufficient. Also, except if your school’s style direct says else, you don't have to give a reference. Nor do you have to remember your own photos or representations for the reference list toward the finish of your record. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you have taken a picture from another source (e.g., a photo discovered on the web), you should reference it in full. We will clarify how this functions in the remainder of this article. In-Text Citations for Images In-content references for pictures can work two different ways in APA referencing. You can essentially allude to a picture in the content. For instance, if you somehow managed to expound on an artistic creation without remembering the picture itself for the archive, you would have the option to refer to it as follows: In November 2018, Portrait of an Artist (Hockney, 1972) turned into the most costly masterpiece to sell at closeout by a living craftsman. On the off chance that you do remember a picture for your work, the reference ought to go in the subtitle. An APA reference in a picture subtitle. You would then allude to the picture in the content utilizing the mark from the subtitle (i.e., â€Å"Figure 2† for the picture above). This likewise applies in the event that you have obtained a graph or a delineation from a print source (basically refer to the creators and date of distribution for the print source being referred to). In all cases, however, you should include the picture you have refered to the reference list. Pictures in an APA Reference List Likewise with any source, in the event that you have utilized pictures made by another person in your work, you should remember them for the reference list toward the finish of your archive. In the event that you have taken the picture being referred to from another print source (e.g., a graph from a diary article), basically list the print source. Nonetheless, on the off chance that you have discovered a picture on the web, the organization is somewhat unique: Craftsman Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the craftsmanship [Format]. Recovered from URL For instance, we would list the banner from the model above as follows: Roepp, G. (1943). I’ve secured the position where I fit best! [poster]. Recovered from https://images.northwestern.edu/multiresimages/inu:dil-41913a91-037f-494b-9113-06004a8a98fb What's more, don’t neglect to have your composed work edited. This will ensure that every one of your references are clear and complete in the last draft.

Instant TOEFL reading and listening scores

Instant TOEFL reading and listening scores Updated Story: It has been confirmed by ETS that students now get their TOEFL listening and reading scores at the test center, at the end of the test. They say:You can now view unofficial scores for the Reading and Listening sections on screen immediately upon completing the test. These scores can give you an early indication of your performance and help you make a well-informed decision about reporting your scoresbefore leaving the testcenter.Note that these are unofficial scores, which mean the final scorescould be different. I will try to gather data to see how often this happens. As we have reported, these scores are sometimes adjusted based on the difficulty of the test that week.Original Story:If you go to the ETS page on getting scores (https://www.ets.org/toefl/ibt/scores/get/) and look at the page source, the following was added sometime in January, but was commented out so it doesnt actually appear:At the end of your test, you will see your unofficial scores for the Readin g and Listening sections on the screen. This gives you an idea of how you did on the test and helps you determine whether to report or cancel your scores.I assume this means that in the future ETS will provide scaled reading and listening scores at the end of the test, but that they will not be adjusted for the difficulty level of the test that week. This means the scores given will usually be accurate but that the final (official) score could be plus or minus one point. If this is confusing to you, just note that ETS adjusts everyones score some days if the questions are deemed too easy ortoo hard after everyone has taken the test.While this remains hidden (we arent supposed to see it) my guess is that this is a change that will be announced in the coming weeks. I just hope they dont frame it as helping students determine if they should cancel their scores, as that should only be done if they are planning to make a test center complaint (in my opinion).

Corruption and Integrity Profile in the Organization Free Essay Example, 3000 words

According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that public sector hospitals receive good corpus of financial aid or funds from the government. As the public sector or government-backed hospitals mainly run non-profit basis and provide free and even subsidized treatment to the people, they need external funds. Government allocates sizable funds to operate the hospital and that includes, salaries for healthcare professionals, procurement of equipment and importantly drugs, and other medical needs. In the private sector also, there will be a good flow of money with the fees collected from the patients increasing the hospital s coffers. In addition, with the need to purchase high-level medical equipment and drugs, there will be heightened financial transactions as well. So, whatever be the sector, in the healthcare industry, there will be a high-level flow of finances and that mainly leads to corruption and other fraud practices, as there are possibilities for different kinds of corruption. As many economists have pointed out, corruption is a 'crime of calculation' and is more likely to occur where budgets are large and 'rents' or possibilities for people to gain from decisions made by officials are high. We will write a custom essay sample on Corruption and Integrity Profile in the Organization or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page With the funds flows flowing through different levels of hierarchies, there are high chances of corruptions happening anywhere. That is, if the fund's flow is restricted through few clearances, those clearing areas can be easily monitored and made accountable.

Taking A Lot Out Of College Students - 969 Words

Having pressures in today’s world is not an uncommon occurrence that can take a lot out of college students. These things continue to affect students in this day and world of today because of how common and easy it is to happen such as wanting to achieve a higher GPA, make our parents proud, and trying to make the payments needed. There are many different scenarios in which they can feel burdened by things happening related to their education but they all fall into one of the four categories beginning with peer pressure, parental pressure, economic pressure, and self-induced pressure. There are many different reasons why an individual would suddenly begin to feel worried and become burdened by their education. Some may be about how their peers appear to be excelling in their courses while they themselves are doing rather poorly which causes them to overwork themselves to achieve higher success however leaving them tired and weary though their peers are thinking the same idea about one another as Zinsser states â€Å"I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,† one dean told me, â€Å"who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I couldn’t tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda† (Zinsser 454). Parent’s pressuring their offspring into a career that they do not enjoy is one of the few pressures that many college students still continue to face throughout theirShow MoreRelatedThe Gap Year1052 Words   |  5 Pagesfor college? A way to relieve stress could be to take a gap year. The life of the average senior consist of planning for college, by taking a year off you can manage and make money, relieve some stress and it gives you the opportunity to travel before settling down before college. This is not uncommon to a lot of senior graduates. They see it as a way to relax and mentally prepare themselves for the future. The Gap Year is a year that high school graduates take off before beginning college. TheRead MoreResearched Argumentative Paper680 Words   |  3 PagesTaking a Gap Year Many students rush to college right after high school because that is what most students do these days. Taking a year or two off between high school and college can be more beneficial than most parents may think. It is also referred to as a gap year. Instead of pushing your children into going to college right after high school, more parents need to encourage their children to take a break from school to give them time to become more mature and also time to focus on what theyRead MoreA Break for School Is Not a Good Idea1607 Words   |  7 Pagesover, that is the time students need to decide if they are going to start college right away or wait a year or two. Whichever choice they choose will affect their future. Students should not put off their education for a long period of time. This will only hurt the students because they will start to forget things they had learned in high school. If they wait to go to school, it could also put a delay on their career. Then when they do w ant to go to start going back to college to get a degree, itRead MoreStandardized Testing : Standardized Tests1186 Words   |  5 PagesStandardized testing is known to improve students’ education, but is it really needed in school? Standardized testing determines whether a student is prepared for the next grade based on their test scores. While some students do great on their test others struggle a lot. Not all students are good test takers; majority of the students do good in school but struggle when it comes down to testing. While many agree that standardized testing helps improve students education, it shouldn’t be necessary inRead MoreHow Can We Study Related Stress For College Students?1251 Words   |  6 PagesHow to manage study related stress for college students Is it the truth that every college student lives an easy life? Most parents usually encourage their high school children to get a higher grade for their applications to universities by telling them how interesting and relaxing life will be in college. Yet, according to a survey from The Jed Foundation which taking care of mental health for college students, over eighty-five percentages of university students feel very stressful to finish theirRead MoreLifetime of Student Debt Essay649 Words   |  3 Pages201 April 23, 2013 The Shackles of Student Debt? In this article, â€Å"A Lifetime of Student Debt,† Robin Wilson interprets the different views on taking out loans for college students. The recent worry has been that taking out student loans are â€Å"threatening the financial future of today’s college students† (Wilson 256). However, recent studies has shown that one-third of college students will have no debt after their academic experience. College student nowadays are willing to take any means necessaryRead MoreTaking a Gap Year1233 Words   |  5 Pagesstress of college and future plans, but seniors graduating high school have the advantage to live this life if they want. High school seniors have many decsions to make before they graduate. They have to decide if they are going to college, what college they are going to, what career they may want to pursue, how to pay for everything ahead of them, and many more. Sometimes this will get too overwhelming for them and cause them to not want to go to college right away. They plan on going to college afterRead MoreDreams Vs Reality Essay : Dreams And Reality901 Words   |  4 Pageslives and college gets even better. So with that idea in people’s heads, they come up with their ideal image of the college. They start planning the perfect scenario of what college they will go to and what their roommate will be like. They often try to compare an unrealistic image and turn it into a realistic image, but they are unlike in many ways. Once students step onto the college campus, they will soon face what it is actually like to be in college.When people understand that college is not theRead MoreThe Value Of A Degree948 Words   |  4 Pagesthat in most cases the value of a degree does not out weight the amount of money that students spend on to get there chosen degree. Students think that if they go to college and get a degree once they graduate they will be able to find a good paying job more easily. Megan McArdle author of â€Å"The College Bubble† Newsweek states that, â€Å"Effectively, we’ve treated the average wage premium as if it were a guarantee—and then we’ve encouraged college students to borrow against it† (McArdle 25). It is theRead MoreEssay On Organizing Classes1121 Words   |  5 Pages Not all the courses that you choose in your college count towards your degree program. You are expected to take some courses that are outside the curriculum. The question then arises as to why take the courses when it has nothing to do with the major? Is it worthy? If it is, when will it come in use? If not, why are students wasting their time on such subjects? Why are they not spending this time better elsewhere? Generally, people think that taking courses outside the curriculum is pointless and

Shrimp Cultivation Free Essays

1. Shrimps cultivation has been found to have an impact on the socio-economic and the environment through many studies conducted all over the world. Studies in India showed shrimp cultivation to cost nearly two times the annual earnings of those regions. We will write a custom essay sample on Shrimp Cultivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover the process of shrimp cultivation leads to contamination of fresh water which negatively impact healthy water and reduces the coastal lines which makes coastal regions more prone to hurricanes and tornadoes. 2. The shrimp industry benefits three to four million â€Å"mostly poor† Bangladeshis while providing livelihood directly numbering some 11, 50,000 people. In 2007-2008, a total of 2, 23,095 Metric ton shrimp produced in Bangladesh that contributes 19,567. 90 core taka in the GNP. There is ample demand in the international markets for shrimp and Bangladesh is blessed with an environment friendly for shrimp production. So obviously, the shrimp industry has a huge potential for Bangladesh. Through various studies it were also found that shrimp industry did increase the income levels of the people and help them to enjoy a better standard of living. 3. Shrimps cultivation in also observed to have impacts of the social structure which leads to increased migration, social conflict and degradation of health. Moreover, it also cause impact on the bio-diversity, mangrove forest, soil and marine species, salinity, degradation of land and de-stabilization of coastal ecosystems. Bangladesh has been predominantly an agricultural based nation. Degradation of agricultural land will directly affect the food security and livestock of many people. Moreover as Bangladesh is a riverine nation saline waters for shrimp ponds can seep to all the other river bodies and contaminate the waters. 4. Shrimp Industry usually have a limited life-span of about 10 years observed in Bangladesh, Thailand and India. Shrimp farms located in Sunderbands, Khulna, Bhola, Bagerhaat and Barisal also encounter such short life-span. 5. Bangladesh shrimp cultivators mostly us extensive to super-intensive shrimp farming techniques. These methods are very harsh and have serious crippling effects on the bio-diversity and the mangrove coastlines. Of about 35% of the world’s mangrove forests have been cleared due to this. 6. Unregulated shrimp farming and improper land zoning legislations have led to social uses such as land grabbing, improper land use and impairment for other fisheries cultivations. Shrimp cultivation have also seen uneven wealth distribution which eventually lead to further societal disputes. How to cite Shrimp Cultivation, Papers

Dreamworlds 3 free essay sample

Locating the stories and images of music video in a wider context, the film explores how American popular culture, more generally, encourages and excuses men’s violence against women, and argues that we need a wider range of stories about femininity, masculinity, and sexuality. Special Note: This video features images of graphic, sexualized violence. It is important that educators preview the film prior to screening it with their students. It is also advised that ample time for discussion of the impact of these images is allowed at each screening.   Do you watch music videos? Why or why not? When you do watch them do you enjoy them? What are some of your favorite music videos? Why do you like those particular videos? 2. Have you ever thought about how music videos portray men, women, and sexuality? What are your initial thoughts about this? How do you think music videos define and portray femininity? What stories do music videos tell about female sexuality? How do you think music videos define and portray â€Å"masculinity†? What stories do music videos tell about male sexuality? For example, in Jackson’s now-infamous 2004 Superbowl appearance which provided our culture with the concept of a â€Å"wardrobe malfunction† where, notes the director, was the censure against Justin Timberlake, who actually tore Jackson’s clothing off? This criticism, he proves, is not proffered because Timberlake was filling a now-accepted role as man-as-aggressor/woman-as-object†¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Dreamworlds 3 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) Dreamworlds 3, as can be imagined, contains perhaps offensive language, violence, and sexual imagery. Thus, it is inappropriate for younger or sensitive audiences. In short, though, any real criticism of the film is something like nit-picking. Dreamworlds 3 is an important and useful work. For its study of the interplay between the larger culture and music videos, it is highly recommended for collections that focus on pop-culture; for its investigation on the objectification of people, it is essential for women’s or gender studies; for the deconstruction of narrative and film techniques, it is important in film and media studies; and for anyone at all invested in the debate regarding the media’s influence on culture, it is highly recommended overall.

Symbols Of Freedom And The Values They Represent Essays

Symbols of Freedom and the Values They Represent American symbols are almost as complicated and interpretive as the American politics they serve. In my first grade class, before the boy scouts were kicked out of meeting in public schools, they made us do the Pledge of Allegiance. This frightened me; being put into a class where these lunatic people talked to a piece of cloth hanging on the wall, and in my fear they sent me back to kindergarten. When I reached the first grade for the second time, they taught that the red stripes were for the blood of dead soldiers, and the white ones for flesh. The blue was for the night sky they fought under, and the fifty stars represented every state in the union (no one mentioned that there were only thirteen at the time of the revolution). As a Sophomore in High School, we studied Humanities, and learned that the colors of the American flag mimicked the colors of the French one due to copious amounts of money donated by the French. Perhaps their intention was not so much to aid the colonists, but to hinder the British they had quarreled with for so many years. In any event, Humanities taught that the colors of the flag were a money matter. As for the representation of American values, perhaps paying tribute to one's debts and loyalties is what is evident here. The Confederacy (Citation to see attached) said that white was for, "innocence and purity"; red symbolizing, "valor and hardiness"; and blue marking, "vigilance, perseverance, and justice." No official record of the original intention behind the coloring of the United States flag has been found to date. American coins are characterized not only by monetary values out of proportion to size (nickels to dimes) but by the Latin phrase, "E Pluribus Unum" or >Out of many, one.' This is most likely symbolic of early Americans' commitment to voting together and then acting together in the manner which they had pledged. One could also apply it to the fifty (then thirteen) states coming together to form one common country. http://www.adventure.com/library/encyclopedia/america/libbell.html The Ring Of Freedom July 4, 1776 PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA For more than 200 years, the Liberty Bell has been one of the most visible symbols of American freedom. Made in England, the bell was brought to Philadelphia in 1753 and hung in the new Pennsylvania State House, which is now known as Independence Hall. The bell is inscribed with the words "Proclaim Liberty throughout all the Land," which is a phrase found in the Bible (Leviticus 25:10). On July 4, 1776, the bell was rung when the members of the Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence. This began an Independence Day tradition that was observed every year, except in 1777 and 1778, when the British captured Philadelphia and the bell was hidden for safe keeping. The last time the bell was rung was in 1846, when a small crack in the bell grew so large that it could no longer be sounded. But it is still seen by millions of people each year when they visit Philadelphia's Liberty Bell Pavilion. Copyright 8 1996 Knowledge Adventure, Inc. All Rights Reserved. http://libertynet.org/iha/betsy/index.html This material is copyright by, and used with permission of, the Independence Hall Association. For further information, visit the Independence Hall Association's Home Page on the World Wide Web at http://libertynet.org/iha What do the red, white, and blue of the flag represent? The Continental Congress left no record to show why it chose the colors. However, in 1782, the Congress of the Confederation chose these same colors for the Great Seal of the United States and listed their meaning as follows: white to mean purity and innocence, red for valor and hardiness, and blue for vigilance, perseverance, and justice. According to legend, George Washington interpreted the elements of the flag this way: the stars were taken from the sky, the red from the British colors, and the white stripes signified the secession from the home country. However, there is no official designation or meaning for the colors of the flag. Why are the stars in a circle? The stars were in a circle so that no one colony would be viewed above another. It is reported that George Washington said, "Let the 13 stars in

Free Essays on Implementing School Uniforms

Implementing School Uniforms â€Å"A child was brutally beaten today when he fought back against another student who tried to steal his brand new sneakers.† This is a headline that is becoming all too familiar to us. In the past few years, city schools have had a number of serious problems concerning students being ridiculed or being attacked simply because of their attire. School used to be a safe place for children to learn during the day. Students should not be afraid to attend school, but often that is the case. They have to live with the fear of being hurt or ridiculed by the other students that deem them to be different. Many times in our society the class structure is often exposed through material items. Children are often shielded from this, but it becomes evident in the clothes they wear to school. Whether it is a rich kid who finds himself in danger for having more, or a poor kid who is ridiculed for not having enough, this is a problem that needs to be solved. School officials in many city sch ools have begun to regulate this problem by making it mandatory that the students wear uniforms. This is a valid solution to a problem that many times prevents children from receiving a proper education. Uniforms should be implemented to prevent these circumstances, which have an enormous affect on the educating process in our public schools throughout the nation. When you hear about the violence that plagues today’s schools, uniforms are usually the first applicable solution to the problem. Uniforms continue to be an upcoming issue in the minds of school officials, parents, and even the President. In the article titled, â€Å"Uniforms, Expulsions Not Just for Private Schools† it states that; President Bill Clinton promoted uniforms in public schools in his State of the Union Address in January or 1996, when he praised them as â€Å"a way to promote safety and discipline in schools†. Clinton also stated: I challenge all our schoo... Free Essays on Implementing School Uniforms Free Essays on Implementing School Uniforms Implementing School Uniforms â€Å"A child was brutally beaten today when he fought back against another student who tried to steal his brand new sneakers.† This is a headline that is becoming all too familiar to us. In the past few years, city schools have had a number of serious problems concerning students being ridiculed or being attacked simply because of their attire. School used to be a safe place for children to learn during the day. Students should not be afraid to attend school, but often that is the case. They have to live with the fear of being hurt or ridiculed by the other students that deem them to be different. Many times in our society the class structure is often exposed through material items. Children are often shielded from this, but it becomes evident in the clothes they wear to school. Whether it is a rich kid who finds himself in danger for having more, or a poor kid who is ridiculed for not having enough, this is a problem that needs to be solved. School officials in many city sch ools have begun to regulate this problem by making it mandatory that the students wear uniforms. This is a valid solution to a problem that many times prevents children from receiving a proper education. Uniforms should be implemented to prevent these circumstances, which have an enormous affect on the educating process in our public schools throughout the nation. When you hear about the violence that plagues today’s schools, uniforms are usually the first applicable solution to the problem. Uniforms continue to be an upcoming issue in the minds of school officials, parents, and even the President. In the article titled, â€Å"Uniforms, Expulsions Not Just for Private Schools† it states that; President Bill Clinton promoted uniforms in public schools in his State of the Union Address in January or 1996, when he praised them as â€Å"a way to promote safety and discipline in schools†. Clinton also stated: I challenge all our schoo...

Psychology-Personality Assessment and Theories Essay - 1

Psychology-Personality Assessment and Theories - Essay Example tors include upbringing, environmental factors, physiological factors and various cognitive processes that are responsible for giving rise to a certain behaviour or trait of an individual. In order to further define personalities they are divided into psychological classifications of different people. (Engler, 2008) Personality types actually originated from different sets of personality traits and these types also signify the degree or intensity of the set of traits that characterize the personality type. The notion of personality types emerged from the theoretical works and researches of a renowned psychologist named Carl Jung. According to the Jungian theory of personality, the unconscious plays a great role in the molding and shaping the characteristics of an individual and it is the unconscious thought processes that give rise t various conscious thoughts and cognitions. (Wilde, 2011) Is theories had strong concurrences with the Freudian theory of personality, but the schism between the two theorists was their beliefs regarding the factors that constituted an individual’s unconscious and as Freud was largely focused on sexual desires and interactions between humans, whereas Jung just deemed it another component of the unconscious and not the most fundamental one as Freud thought it to be. Therefore, to illustrate this aspect of his theory, and people can easily find the class that their personality falls into by taking a simple test. There have been a number of speculations regarding the validity and reliability of these tests but they d serve their purpose in providing ample amount of insight into an individual’s personality. (Wilde, 2011 & Plante, 2010, p. 115) Jung classified various types of personalities and this theory was further developed by Katherine Myers and her daughter Isabella Briggs, and drafted out a test called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator that consisted of 72 questions that enabled an individual to describe the degree of intensity

Britney spears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Britney spears - Essay Example Later, she went back to studio in the same year and released her second single which took a good position in the countdown of U.S most loved pop songs with the name of ‘Sometimes’ and also it was ranked first in other U.K nations. In the following year she was out again to produce her second album ‘oops...I Did It Again’ which showed the entire world and the entire music industry that the princess was in the industry to stay. The album did exemplary well being in first position in billboards and making sales of over a million albums in its first days of release and registering the highest sales ever made for a week by a female artist. To date it has made sales of more than 15 million copies and positioned number two of her top selling albums moreover rendering her tours to go and perform in front of her fans overseas .i.e. away from her country US. After working hard for nothing else but success she was out to release her third album with the first song ‘I Love Rock ‘n’ Roll’ taking the second position in MTV 100 best Latin American’s videos in 2002(IMDb, 2012). These albums made her win many awards starting with artist of the year on the same year that she started her music career. Many more came her way in the course of her career ranging from World’s Music Awards World’s best pop female artist and many more having sold more than 60 million records. In a span of not more than one and a half decade she was announced the best selling female artist in USA. This came as a result of her knowing what was and is the best for her, when it come to selection she is keen on the studio to use and who to work with. This selection has seen her excel in bringing up beats that always work well with the vocals making every production a hit in the market. This has won her greatly because she has become one of the best and moreover one of the famous female artist who has made a great impact in the music industry. As a result of coming from

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interlock Parity Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interlock Parity Information Technology Essay Detecting and correcting errors is the major problem for handling on chip errors. For this purpose error detection and correction techniques are used which are suitable for NoC. Error control codes are used to detect single or multi bit errors. Errors correcting schemes put an overhead of extra hardware on the system. Most of the coding techniques are used to correct single bit error. Due to the increase in size and complexity of very large scale integrated (VLSI) chips the problem of multi bit errors have been increased, so to over come the problem of multi bit errors, researchers have explored various multi bit error detection and correction techniques. Multi bit errors can completely corrupt the packets which need to be discarded and retransmitted. As on chip errors are more dangerous than off chip networks more over on chip resources like storage and processing are limited, therefore techniques that take care such limitations are more appropriate for NoC. Here we are going to introduce a new error detection technique. This technique has the limitation of only detection of errors. We compare this technique with few other error detection and correction techniques and deduce the results about our purposed error detection techniques. We purpose the name of new error detection technique as Interlock Parity. In the next section the complete introduction and proposed format of the Interlock Parity is given. Next we look some advantages and disadvantages of Interlock Parity technique. 5.2 Interlock Parity This is a new purposed technique to detect the bit errors on the network on chip communication. This technique is designed to work with 32 bits of data word. After 8 bits of data next bit is fixed for parity bit. Similarly after that 8 bits the next bit is again fix for parity bit and in this way 32 bits of data include 4 parity bits. We name these parity bits as P1, P2, P3 and P4. The option for choice of even parity or odd parity is open i.e any method is used to fix the parity bit, but all 4 parity bits must follow the same parity scheme either even or odd parity checking. Similarly we name the first 8 data bits as d1, second data bits as d2, third data bits as d3 and last portion of data bits as d4. So after the induction of parity bits our date packet size will increase from 32 bits to 36 bits. Keep in mind there are few additional bits are reserved for the purpose of control information discuss in detail later in this chapter. Following figure 5.1 shows the packet layout of the Interlock Parity scheme. Header d1, Data bits (8 bits) P1 d2, Data bits (8 bits) P2 d3, Data bits (8 bits) P3 d4, Data bits (8 bits) P4 Figure 5.1 Interlock Parity packet format If number of 1s in d1 is even then P1 = 0 other wise 1. Next if number of 1s in d2 is even then the value of P2 is set to zero and bit value of P3 and P4 will be set according to the number of 1s in d3 and d4. More generally we can write as even then Pi = 0. where 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 4 If No. of 1s in di = odd then Pi = 1. where 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 4 Data block is transferred form source to the destination according to the control information header. At the destination first of all value of Pt is checked and if the Pt value is correct then the packet is accepted for further processing, in case of detection of some error in Pt bit value, process of evaluation of Pi values started. Each Pi value is checked according to the data present in di block. If there found any mismatch among di and corresponding Pi then di is discarded and retransmission request of that particular di is generated to resend the data. This reduces the probability of frequent bit flips in the data blocks. 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Interlock Parity 5.3.1 Advantages of Interlock Parity Scheme Easy to calculate parities due to limited computation resources in NoC. In case of bit flip error detection only a limited portion of data needed to be retransmitted with in the packet. Easy to locate erroneous portion of data. Due to the probability of occurrence of multiple bit flip errors this technique of Interlock Parity restricts the multiple error occurrences in a byte size data. 5.3.2 Disadvantages of Interlock Parity Scheme Have to calculate 4 parity bits. Limited to detect errors if only single bit or odd number of bits flipped. Unable to detect errors if even number of bit flips occurred. This technique is not suitable for multiple errors. Errors correction is not possible at the receiver side. 5.4 Packet Format In this section we describe and closely look the format of the Interlock Parity scheme. Packet is divided into two portions. First portion is known as header and contains all the necessary information which uses to transfer packet from sender to the receiver. The second portion of the packet is known as data portion. In this section of the packet data is divided into 4 different parts along with the parity of each part. 5.4.1 Header Portion Header portion contains the following information. Source Address Destination Address Packet Number Data Portion Number Control Information Source Address field contains the information about the source and 5 bits are reserved for the source address. Destination address is the address of the destination and 5 bit are reserved for the destination address. Packet number denotes the number of the packet which is 10 bit long address. Data portion number denotes one of the four data portions in the date portion part. It can assume at the maximum 2 bits as we have maximum 4 data portions in our packet. 6 bits are reserved for control information can be used for future purpose or depend upon the routing algorithm requirements. Following figure depicts the structure of the header portion of the Interlock Parity packet format. Header Source Address Destination Address Packet Number Data Portion Number Control Information 5 bits 5 bits 10 bits 2 bits 6 bits Figure 5.2 Interlock Parity packet header format 5.4.2 Data Portion Data portion of the Interlock Parity packet format is divided into 4 parts. Each part is 9 bits long divided into 8 bits for the data and 1 bit for the parity bit corresponding to the data bits associated with the parity. In this way total size of the data portion along with parities is 36 bits. Following figure shows the structure of the data portion of the Interlock Parity packet format Data Portion d1 P1 d2 P2 d3 P3 d4 P4 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit Figure 5.3 Interlock Parity packet data portion format. 5.5 Communication Strategy As during the communication of data packets, errors may corrupt the data so there is a need for reliable communication. Fundamentally few capabilities are required to handle the bit errors. Few of these fundamental capabilities to handle presence of bit errors are as mention below Error detection: A mechanism is needed to allow the receiver side to detect the occurrence of bit errors. There should be a mechanism which allows the receiver to detect and possibly correct bit errors. Receiver Feedback: since sender and receiver are typically executing at different nodes. The only way for the sender to know whether packet is delivered correctly to the receiver is by providing explicit feedback to the sender. For this purpose positive or negative acknowledgements are used by the receiver to sender. Retransmission: a packet received in error at the receiver will be retransmitted by the sender. Data packet is generated at the sender and sends to the receiver. At the receiver side checking of errors will take place, if packet received without any errors then it is accepted for further processing other wise packet is discarded. In case of any erroneous bits ARQ strategy will be used to correct the errors. As from the previous section our data portion of packet is divided into 4 data parts so only portion with errors in that data bits is requested to transmit again. We only use not acknowledgement (NAK) packet to communicate to sender for the retransmission of the particular erroneous portion of the data. Following figure shows the structure of the NAK packet format NAK Packet Source Address Packet Number Data Portion Number 5 bits 10 bits 2 bits Figure 5.4 NAK packet format. During the communication it does not allow reassembly or fragmentation at intermediate nodes. These operations can be performed at source and destination. As fragmentation and reassembly is a time consuming process, by removing this functionality from the intermediate nodes and placing it in the source and destination will definitely speeds up the communication. We implement interlock parity for end to end communication. Complete discussion and all the experimental results are presented in the next chapter. Chapter 6 Implementation and Experimental Results As discussed in previous chapters that network on chip provides a practicable way out to counter the incompetence of buses in the present very large scale integrated on chip interconnects. As we know in packet based communication a flipping error of bit(s) can corrupt the data packet which raise a question mark on the correctness and trustworthy of data transfer from source to destination. In the presence of stated problems it is essential to provide some vigorous protective solutions against such problems. As a solution to the above problems, network on chips have been proposed by different researchers to get rid of the ineffectiveness of on chip buses in scaling chips. Later it was discovered that network on chip also faces the same problems of transient faults as faced by VLSI chips. So chips designed with error detection and correction codes require high energy and area overheads as discussed in [65]. On network on chip we have limited resources of computation and storage; it is significant to present solutions which are low cost in term of memory and energy without compromising on reliability and performance. Here we are going to introduce a new error detection technique. This technique has the limitation of only detection of errors, while error correction takes place by retransmission of corrupt data packet. We compare our new purposed technique with few other error detection and correction techniques and deduce the results about our purposed error detection techniques. We purpose the name of new error detection technique as Interlock Parity. Complete introduction of Partial Party technique is given in chapter 5. In the next section the complete introduction about network on chip communication model, interest to use C/C++ and setup about implementation of Interlock Parity is given. We work on the different error detection methods given below, Simple Parity Cyclic Redundancy Check Checksum Mathod Repeated Bit Method along with our newly developed concept Interlock Parity method. We implement and present the implementation and comparative analysis results of Interlock Parity with above mentioned techniques. Major concern of this research is to make a comparative analysis between mentioned techniques in the following areas Encoding Techniques impact over the network throughput. Encoding Techniques impact for power consumption. Delay time comparison for packet delivery from sender to receiver i.e. latency comparison. Instead of using simulator we design our own network simulator designed in C/C++ program for the implementation purpose and get results for analysis. The purpose of personally designed simulator is to gain in depth working knowledge of different encoding techniques. 6.1 NoC Communication Model We use network on chip as 2 dimensional mesh topology with packet level communication. We use a data bus of size 128 bits which is wide enough to simultaneously transfer all bits of data present in the packet in any direction. As we discussed in chapter 5 packet consists of a header and data portion. The header contains identification information about source and destination, packet unique identifier, data portion identifier which varies from 1 to 4. Data portion of the data contains actual data along individual parity bits. Along with data packets we also use NAK packet. Sender will inform only in case of packet received with bit errors. NAK packet is also use to intimate the sender in case of packet loss. For the reasons of simplicity and well suitability for mesh based network on chips we adopt different routing strategies for the result analysis. NAK packet is assumed to have higher priority than data packet. Figure 6.1 2D Mesh [6] Data packet is generated at the sender and sends to the receiver. At the receiver side checking of errors will take place, if packet received without any errors then it is accepted for further processing other wise packet is discarded. We only use not acknowledgement (NAK) packet to communicate to sender for the retransmission of the particular erroneous packet/portion of the data. During the communication it does not allow reassembly or fragmentation at intermediate nodes. These operations can be performed at source and destination. As fragmentation and reassembly is a time consuming process, by removing this functionality from the intermediate nodes and placing it in the source and destination will definitely speeds up the communication. 6.2 Let Us C/C++ Instead of using simulator we design our own network simulator designed in C/C++ program for the implementation purpose and get results for analysis. The purpose of personally designed simulator is to gain in depth working knowledge of different encoding techniques. 6.2.1 Using C/C++ The C/C++ language is based on sequential programming, also suitable for the programming and modeling of concurrent activities. As we know most digital systems and hardware models require a notion of delays, clocks or time, such features are also present in C/C++ as a software programming language. So complex and detailed systems can be easily and comfortably designed in C/C++ language. Finally the data types present in C/C++ are helpful for implementation. To address all these problems new dedicated data types and communication mechanisms are available with C/C++. Basic language elements such as modules, processes, event, channels, and event driven simulator kernel are also present in C/C++. 6.2.2 Advantages of using C/C++ As C/C++ is firm programming language accepted all over the world, C/C++ holds all the features of a complete programming language which makes easier to write complex programs with minimum efforts. C/C++ supports all the data types supported by any language. C/C++ provides the facility of user friendly, which saves lot of money and precious time. C/C++ adds the idea of timing signals which is important to simulate synchronous hardware designs. This facility gives C/C++ an edge over other programming languages. C/C++ supports the design at higher abstraction level; this enables large systems to be modeled easily without worrying the implementation of it. C/C++ also support concurrency and can be used to simulate the concurrent behavior of the digital system. 6.3 Experimental Setup Instead of using simulator we implement Interlock Parity technique along with four other encoding techniques. For the implementation of Interlock Parity scheme, we use 2D mesh network topology. We use (4 X 4) mesh network at the initial stage of the experiment. To transfer all bits of the data simultaneously, we use 128 bits wide data bus in each direction. Figure 6.2 2D (4 x 4) Mesh [6] As we discuss the packet format in the previous chapter in detail. Our packet consists of 2 parts. One is header part and the other is data part also known as payload part. The header portion contains useful information like packet ID, source address, destination address, routing information, total nodes in the network and some control information etc. the payload or data portion holds the original data. Further in our implementation of Interlock Parity scheme, we categorize packets into two classes. Data packets Control packets As data packets hold useful data, while control packets contains information about the reliable delivery of the data packet send from some source to the destination. For the simplicity we only use negative acknowledgment (NAK) control packet. How this mechanisms work is illustrated below If data packet received with out any error at the destination, then accepted and no acknowledgement is send back to the sender. If data packet received with any error at the destination, then packet is discarded and NAK is send to the sender requesting the source node to send the packet again. This research also take care the lost packet impact on encoding technique. 6.3.1 Lost packet If some packet is lost on the way from source to destination, say packet n is lost, NAK is send to sender informing about not receiving the packet n. this packet is resend to destination after receiving NAK about packet n. 6.3.2 Lost NAK packet If some NAK packet lost, then after some time interval same NAK is send again until desired packet received. Following algorithm illustrate the communication between sender and receiver Packet Generate Send to Destination Error Yes NAK Accepted Queued No Figure 6.3 Flow diagram For better result purpose we implement our encoding techniques on the following routing strategies. X-Y routing Path Exploring(P.E) routing Gossip routing 6.4 Experimental Results 6.4.1 Clock Cycles Analysis On over own designed network simulator we first simulate a single packet and compute the computer clock cycles for the following phases of the packet. For the construction of header portion of the packet For the construction of the data portion of the packet Clock cycles required to put encoding check at the packet Clock cycles required to check data integrity at receiver side Clock cycles required for retransmission of packet for unreliable delivered packet In case of packet loss , clock cycles required to enforce the mechanisms to find out lost packet To achieve the above mention objective we send a packet on our designed network simulator. Our network simulator is equipped with reliable, unreliable and packet loss mechanisms. We randomly choose a sender and sender send a packet for randomly chosen destination node. Initially we ignore time for the network traversal and up till now our objective of this module is to gather the clock cycles for the formulation of packet, clock cycles required for enforcing encoding technique , rechecking the integrity of data and clock cycles required to handle the packet loss scenario. To get more accurate result we perform this simulation module for 10 times and average results are presented in the following table 6.1 Sr.No Algorithms Header Portion Data Portion Encoding Technique Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 2 4 1 3 7 6 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 4 8 10 10 20 13 3 Repeated Bit Method 2 12 2 4 10 8 4 Checksum Method 2 10 5 7 16 10 5 Interlock Parity Checking 3 6 4 6 14 9 Table 6.1 Clock cycle breakdown Clock CyclesFigure 6.4 Clock cycles breakdown The above analysis shows the comparison of clock cycles consumed by different encoding technique for different phases of packet construction and for checking and enforcing the encoding techniques. It is very clear from the above analysis that Cyclic Redundancy Check encoding technique takes longer time to impose the header and data portion part. Similarly CRC technique also takes longer clock cycles for the enforcement of encoding technique mechanisms. Similarly it is clear from the above analysis that checksum method encoding technique takes longer time to impose the header and data portion part. Similarly checksum technique also takes longer clock cycles for the enforcement of encoding technique mechanisms. Our new purposed Interlock parity check technique consume relatively less clock cycles for header and data portion. Thats means packet construction is relatively fast in out new purposed technique. In case of reliable delivery Interlock parity scheme again consume less clock cycles and has an advantage over the CRC and checksum method. While in unreliable delivery checking case Interlock parity scheme again consume less clock cycles and has an advantage over the CRC and checksum method. Lastly in packet loss handling scenario Interlock parity scheme consume 14 clock cycles which is less than from the clock cycles consumed by checksum method and CRC. The other two techniques simple parity and repeated bit method are consuming less clock cycles, but remember these clock cycles are required for the construction and enforcement of encoding techniques only. Network traversal i s not included up till this point of research. Next we present the percentage utilization of clock cycles for the sender node and for receiver node. Following table shows the result comparison for sender and receiver. Receiver Sender Sr.No Algorithms Header Portion Data Portion Encoding Technique Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 28.57 57.14 14.29 18.75 43.75 37.50 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 18.18 36.36 45.45 23.26 46.51 30.23 3 Repeated Bit Method 12.50 75.00 12.50 18.18 45.45 36.36 4 Checksum Method 11.76 58.82 29.41 21.21 48.48 30.30 5 Interlock Parity Checking 23.08 46.15 30.77 20.69 48.28 31.03 Table 6.2 Clock cycles breakdown for the sender and receiver side. Table 6.2 shows the clock cycles breakdown for the sender and receiver side. These results are also shown graphically in Figure 6.5. This graphical analysis consists of three compariosions Header portion comparision Data portion comparision Implementation of encoding technique During the construction of header portion our proposed technique required little larger time as compared to the other techniques. Reason is that header of our proposed technique require little extra bits to take care about different data segment with in a packet as disscussed in previous chapter. But uptill this point we can tolerate this large time for the construction of header as variance of timings for all techniques range between 10 to 30 clock cycles. As header portion contains small portion of packet so we can accept this drawback of interlock parity scheme. When we look at the data portion timing overhead comparisions, it is very clear that our proposed technique required less amout of time for the construction of data portion in the packet. As data portion consists of more bits of data then it is an advantage of our proposed tehnique for utilizing less clock cycles for the construction of data portion. Finally for the implementation and enforcement of encoding technique our proposed interlock parity checking technique requires comparatively balanced clock cycles. For this comparision we can say that our technique utilize less clcok cycles at the sender side for the administrative steps. Clock Cycles (%)Figure 6.5 Clock cycles breakdown for sender side Similarly at the receiver side we check three different scenarios. Clock cycles required to check whether packet received in reliable delivery Clock cycles required to check the unreliable delivery of the packet Clock cycles required to invoke the verification module about the loss of a packet. These statistics are depicting in the Figure 6.6 below. In this comparison it is clear that all encoding techniques required almost same amount of clock cycles for the implementation of above mention sceneries. Our proposed technique has an advantage of other compared techniques in the case of packet loss. In case of packet loss interlock parity scheme required comparatively less clock cycles to invoke the packet loss module. In case of unreliable packet delivery all mentioned techniques required same number of clock cycles. There is little variation among the encoding techniques which is neglectable. Clock Cycles (%) Figure 6.6 Clock cycles breakdown for receiver side Sr.No Algorithms Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 0.2747 0.3846 0.3571 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 0.8791 1.1538 0.9615 3 Repeated Bit Method 0.5495 0.7143 0.6593 4 Checksum Method 0.6593 0.9066 0.7418 5 Interlock Parity Checking 0.5220 0.7418 0.6044 Table 6.3 Encoding mechanism checking time measured in seconds Next we present the time required for different encoding techniques at sender side. As we see from the output results given in Figure.6.7 in case of reliable delivery our proposed interlock parity checking technique needs less time as compared to other encoding techniques. In case of unreliable delivery all the encoding techniques require large amount of time as compared to reliable delivery case. In this comparison interlock parity scheme has advantage over CRC and Checksum method. While repeated bit takes approximately same time as taken by interlock parity scheme. Simple parity checking technique is the only technique consume less time as compared to others. Reason is being its simple nature. In packet loss case our proposed technique less time as compared to the other techniques. So after this comparison we can say that interlock parity checking consumed less amount of time. Time Figure 6.7 Encoding Mechanism checking time measured in seconds If we look this comparison in different way, then the following Figure 6.8 gives the comparison of different encoding techniques in the context of reliable delivery, unreliable delivery and packet loss scenario. Simple parity checking encoding technique takes less amount of time as compared to other encoding techniques. In the contrast interlock parity checking technique consume less amount of time as compared to CRC, repeated bit method and checksum method. TimeFigure 6.8 Encoding Mechanism checking Time measured in seconds 6.4.2 Encoding Techniques and Routing Strategies Analysis In the all above discussion we are not considering network delays and routing strategies. To check the performance of encoding techniques we implement these techniques on different network strategies. These routing strategies include Encoding technique with XY routing strategy Encoding technique with PE strategy Encoding technique with gossip routing strategy For better results we further adopt two methods for the enforcement of encoding techniques. One is end to end (E2E) and second is node to node (N2N). In E2E strategy packet is checked only at the destination node, no checking is made at the intermediate nodes. This technique has an advantage of less traffic congestion. While in node to node strategy incoming packet is checked at each and every intermediate node. Packet is discarded as found in error. Forwarding node is intimated and retransmission takes place. This technique faces the problem of network resources and network congestion. We make different comparisons for above mentioned strategies for both E2E and N2N cases. 6.4.2.1 Encoding Techniques and XY (E2E) Routing Strategy Following table 6.4 shows the results of encoding techniques with E2E XY routing strategy. Table 6.4 gives the clock cycles required for different encoding techniques for different cases e.g. reliable delivery, unreliable delivery and packet loss. Sr.No Algorithms Simple Parity Checking Cyclic Redundancy Check Repeated Bit Method Checksum Method Interlock Parity Checking 1 Reliable Delivery 18 40 26 32 27 2 Unreliable Delivery 28 56 40 47 41 3 Packet Loss 27 49 38 41 36 Table 6.4 Encoding technique with XY (E2E) Strategy Figure 6.9(a) present these results graphically. Our proposed technique consumes less clock cycles as compared to other encoding techniques. Simple parity check is the only technique which has advantage over our proposed technique. But interlock parity check technique has advantage over all other techniques other than simple parity check techniques. Clock Cycles Figure 6.9(a) Encoding technique with XY(E2E) Strategy Figure 6.9(b) present these results graphically in other context. In case of reliable delivery our proposed technique consumes less clock cycles as compared to checksum method and CRC. While for repeated bit method case, the comparison is almost same. Simple parity check method has little advantage over interlock as well as other encoding techniques. When we come towards the analysis of unreliable delivery case, this segment takes more time as compared to the reliable delivery scenario. Our proposed technique also consume less clock cycles as compared to other encoding techniques other than simple parity check method. Packet loss case takes more time than reliable delivery but consumes less clock cycle

Pearson Chemistry Notes Essay

1. i. All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. 1. ii. Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element 1. iii. Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds 1. iv. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated from each other, joined, or rearranged in a different combination. Atoms of one element, however, are never changed into atoms of another element as a result of a chemical reaction. Sizing up the Atom Atoms are very small the radii of most atoms fall within the range of 5 x 10^-11 m to 2 x 10^-10m atoms can be seen in scanning electron microscopes atoms can be moved 4. 2 Structure of the Nuclear Atom Overview Lots of Dalton’s theory is accepted except that atoms can be divided Atoms can be divided into three subatomic particles Protons Neutrons Electrons Subatomic Particles Electrons Discovered by UK physicist J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) Are negatively charged subatomic particles. Thomson’s Experiment passed electric current through gasses at low pressure. Sealed the gases in glass tubes fitted at both ends with metal disks called electrodes electrodes connected to source of electricity one electrode called the anode became positively charged other electrode, called cathode, became negatively charged resulted in glowing beam called â€Å"Cathode Ray† that traveled from cathode to anode. Findings cathode ray is deflected by electrically charged metal plates positively charged plate attracts the cathode ray negatively charged repels it Thomson knew that opposites attract hypothesized that a cathode ray is a stream of negatively charged particles moving at high speed called particles â€Å"corpuscles†. Later called â€Å"electrons† Millikan’s Experiment US physicist Robert A. Millikan (1868-1953) carried out experiments to find the quantity of an electron’s charge. Oil drop experiment suspended negatively charged oil droplets between two charged plates. then changed voltage on the plates to see how it affected the droplets’ rate of falling he found that the charge on each oil droplet was a multiple of 1. 60 x 10^19 coulomb meaning it was the charge of an electron calculated electron’s mass Millikan’s values for electron charge and mass are similar to those accepted today. An electron has one unit of negative charge and its mass is 1/1840 the mass of a hydrogen atom Protons and Neutrons Four simple ideas about matter and electric charges 1. Atoms have no net electric charge; neutral 2. Electric charges are carried by particles of matter 3. Electric charges always exist in whole-number multiples of a single basic unit; that is, there are no fractions of charges. 4. when given a number of negatively charged particles combines wit an equal number of positively charged particles, an electrically neutral particle is formed.

External influences Essay

Three ways in which an increase in unemployment might affect Hacker PLC are Organisation, Payments, and Government spending. Organisation – Unemployment can have a number of effect on the internal organisation of a business. It may mean that the firm can no longer afford to recruit new members of staff because of low demand for its products. New, often young, recruits to a firm will no longer be coming through. In addition, new posts which arise may be filled through retraining of existing staff rather than recruitment. This can lead to significant changes in the age profile of an organisation’s employees. Redundancies are also a common feature of a period of high unemployment. Whilst the work of some who are made redundant will not be replaced, the responsibilities and roles of others may be added to the job description of those who remain within the firm. This can lead to increasing demands on existing employees. During periods of high unemployment, some firms reorganise their internal structure. This may mean the loss of a whole tier in the hierarchy or the changing of individual’s job description. Payments – Businesses may be faced with making redundancy payments to workers. These tend to vary between firms depending upon the average length of service of the employee. The cost of reorganisation caused by redundancies will also have to be borne by firms. Such costs may include lost productivity after a reorganisation as employees struggle to cope with new responsibilities. It may be easier for firms to recruit new employees during a period of high unemployment. This is because there is a large pool of people to choose from, with more applicants for each available post. In addition, because of the increased competition for new jobs, people may be prepared to work for less money. In this way firms can lower their labour costs. Government spending – High levels of unemployment mean that government spending on social security will be high. Also, the government will lose revenue from tax and National insurance contributions which people would have paid had they been in employment. To male up for this the government may borrow, increase taxation or reduce other items of spending. 8. Structural unemployment can offer UK businesses the opportunities of new methods of productions and competition from overseas. The business benefits from the changing of pattern of demands because this means that because the business may make use of modern technology/machinery, there will be less human intervene required. This is a benefit has the business is reducing its labour costs and total costs. This is a benefit because although this means that redundancy will be made and high labour turn over will be made, at least the business will be able to keep the money spent on labour and enjoy greater profits. Secondly, the business may be gain an opportunity from this because an encouragement can be made to foreign producers to establish their businesses in UK. This will benefit the firm because it means the firm can negotiate with the government to receive grants and support with the establishment of the business, as the firm can provide employment to people and possibly to those people as well with skills not needed by domestic businesses. 15. The likely implications for the government trying to reduce the unemployment are that in Cyclical employment the business may suffer from the falling sales. In the short term, the businesses may be able to add any surplus production to stocks. Alternatively, businesses may seek new market, perhaps overseas. However, not all businesses may suffer from the changes in unemployment, whilst suppliers of luxury products could suffer substantial reduction in sales. Secondly, in structural unemployment the effects on the businesses can be severe because it’s often highly localised and very persistent. If there is need to a reduce output, then rationalisation and redundancy might follow and factories and offices may be closed. Research and development plans may be abandoned or postponed as firms seek to reduce their costs to match their reduced revenues. The predicted fall in the level of demand may encourage the firms to diversify.

Learning the Mandarin Chinese Tone System

The Mandarin language has a fundamental difference from Western languages: it is tonal. Tones are one of the biggest challenges for Mandarin learners, but their mastery is essential. Incorrect tones can make your spoken Mandarin difficult or impossible to understand, but using the correct tones will allow you to express yourself clearly. Mandarin tones are especially difficult for speakers of Western languages. English, for example, uses tones for inflection, but this is a very different usage from Mandarin. Rising tones in English often imply a question or sarcasm. Falling tones may be used for emphasis. Changing the tones of a Mandarin sentence, though, could completely change the meaning. Let’s take an example. Suppose you are reading a book and your brother (or sister or child) keeps on interrupting you. You are likely to become exasperated and say â€Å"I’m trying to read a book!† In English, this would be said with an emphatic falling tone at the end. But if you use a falling tone in Mandarin, the meaning completely changes. WÇ’ yà  o kà  n shÃ… « I want to read a book.WÇ’ yà  o kÇŽn shà ¹ I want to cut trees! The second version of this sentence would have your listeners scratching their heads. So practice your tones! They are essential for speaking and understanding Mandarin.